Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. The pituitary gland also secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes (Bartke, Sun, & Longo, 2013). As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. However, the success rate of such treatments is questionable. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. . As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. Psychometric analysis indicates that the ISS is composed of four principle components, producing four subscales. To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). B) the cause of the problem. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. It is typically consumed in pill form. Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. Abnormal Motor Behavior. . It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. Loss of appetite. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). The low cost coupled with lower risk of overdose than with opiate drugs is making crystal meth a popular choice among drug users today (NIDA, 2019). (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). This is of such concern that people who are trying to overcome addiction to these substances should only do so under medical supervision. While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). In addition, these individuals may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep. Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. Guilleminault et al. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death. Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. Fever. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Feeling tired. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. Reduced urine. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). They were ALL my fault. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 than during earlier stages. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep. Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends.
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