At the same time, two other South Vietnamese commando boats carried out a similar attack against Hon Ngu Island, more than 25 miles to the south.4. B. But, interestingly, on Sept. 18, a similar incident occurred in the Gulf of Tonkin. A myriad of issues confronted the new president, not the least of which was the ongoing crisis in Vietnam. The Gulf of Tonkin incident irreversibly changed the outcome of the war, which is especially tragic considering one major fact: the incident was a hoax. As the battle continued, he realized the "attacks" were actually the results of "overeager sonar operators" and poor equipment performance. Own ship screw noises on rudders may have accounted for some. Pierce-Arrow was a limited airstrike on North Vietnamese targets on August 5, 1964. [T]hey operate on their own. You must include thesis statement, 4 body paragraphs and other reading and a conclusion to wrap up your debate President Jonson took these claims to Congress which subsequently passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Unbelievable, but true. Naval Institute Photo archive. (APEX) Did the gulf of Tonkin incident happen? The following night, August 3 three more MACV-SOG vessels attacked targets on the mainland of North Vietnam. Yes it happened. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident occurred in August 1964. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 19. By the night of August 4, the U.S. military had intercepted North Vietnamese communications that led officials to believe that a North Vietnamese attack on its destroyers was being planned. Army Colonel H. R. McMaster, author of the highly acclaimed 1997 book Dereliction of Duty, accused Johnson and McNamara of outright deception: To enhance his chances for election, [Johnson] and McNamara deceived the American people and Congress about events and the nature of the American commitment in Vietnam. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Why the Gulf of Tonkin Matters 50 Years Later (1/2) Pentagon Papers whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg and historian Gareth Porter discuss how the Gulf of Tonkin incident was used to further entangle . Torpedo boats and fuel storage facilities were destroyed. . But once-classified documents and tapes released in the past several years, combined with previously uncovered facts, make clear that high government officials distorted facts and deceived the American public about events that led to full U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. On August 2, 1964, the U.S. destroyer USS Maddox was performing its intelligence-gathering mission in the Gulf of Tonkin. Moreover, some intercepts were altered to show different receipt times, and other evidence was cherry picked to deliberately distort the truth. Paragraph 14, 15 Richard Nixon, quoted in Walter Isaacson, Kissinger: A Biography (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005 . HOPE THIS HELPS YOU. August 5, 2014. The US has form for this kind of "fabricated" naval incident (see 2 and 3 above) say theorists, referring back to the second Tonkin Gulf incident in which the US is alleged to have faked a naval clash with the North Vietnamese navy. But no declassified information had suggested that McNamara, Johnson, or anyone else in the decision-making process had intentionally misinterpreted the intelligence concerning the 4 August incident. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution passed by the United States Congress in 1964 that gave 36th President of the United States, Lyndon B Johnson, the authority to deploy military forces in Southeast Asia without formally declaring war. President Johnson acted before all the facts became known, and caused the US to be more involved with Vietnam. Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (New York: Penguin Books, 1983) p. 372. The police used tear gas and billy clubs against anti-war protesters, and members of the New Left and the black power movement who were demonstrating outside the convention. It showed the willingness of North Vietnam to make peace. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution portrayed U.S. motives as maintaining peace and security in Asia, . Both ships began firing at what they thought were torpedo boats, and again they sought air support. The simple answer is that the Norwegian Navy has a long and murky history of cooperation with American intelligence. Omissions? there was nothing there but black water and American firepower."11. "23, Relying on faulty and misinterpreted intelligence about the 4 August incident, an overanxious President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered retaliatory U.S. air strikes, which he announced to the American public at 2336 Washington time that night.Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, The historian also concluded that some of the signals intercepted during the nights of 2 and 4 August were falsified to support the retaliatory attacks. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 3. She retired Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Details of action following present a confusing picture. False reports were also presented, and the president didn't know about them. "29, During comments to reporters on 6 August, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara lied when he denied knowledge of the nature of the provocative OPLAN 34A raids, which were organized and overseen by his department. A myriad of issues confronted the new president, not the least of which was the ongoing crisis in Vietnam. It was the beginning of the United States air assault against North Vietnam that lasted until the end of the war. For more than 90 minutes, he made runs parallel to the ships' course and at low altitude (below 2,000 feet) looking for the enemy vessels. 11. By the time the destroyers broke off their "counterattack," they had fired 249 5-inch shells, 123 3-inch shells, and four or five depth charges.10, Commander Stockdale was again in the action, this time alone. Codenamed Operations Plan (OPLAN) 34A, the activities were conceived and overseen by the Department of Defense, with the support of the Central Intelligence Agency, and carried out by the South Vietnamese Navy. Both houses of Congress passed the resolution on August 7, the House of Representatives by 414 votes to nil, and the Senate by a vote of 88 to 2. Combined with recently declassified tapes of phone calls from White House officials involved with the events and previously uncovered facts about Tonkin, these documents provide compelling evidence about the subsequent decisions that led to the full commitment of U.S. armed forces to the Vietnam War. The US Navy destroyer had shipping container on its decked fitted out with electronic monitoring equipment gathering radio/radar (signals intelligence) information on North Vietnam. Critique does not simply mean Commissioned in 1959, she spent her entire career in the Pacific. All of the enemy boats were heading northwest at about 40 knots, two in front of the third by about a mile. 13. The attacks were unprovoked. According to John Prados of the independent National Security Archive, Hanyok asserted that faulty signals intelligence became "vital evidence of a second attack and [Johnson and McNamara] used this claim to support retaliatory air strikes and to buttress the administration's request for a Congressional resolution that would give the White House freedom of action in Vietnam. On the evening of July 30-31, South Vietnamese commandos attacked two North Vietnamese islands near where. Another reporter pressed the issue, "Do these [patrol boats] go north, into North Vietnamese waters?" The United States denied involvement. In 1995 Vo Nguyen Giap, who had been North Vietnams military commander during the Vietnam War, acknowledged the August 2 attack on the Maddox but denied that the Vietnamese had launched another attack on August 4, as the Johnson administration had claimed at the time. Sign up to get updates about new releases and event invitations. 25. Ill give more brainly points, Which statement best illustrates how Elizabeth Van Lew was able to organize 3 What power did the Gulf of Tonkin give the President? We may never know the whole truth behind the Tonkin events and the motivations of those involved. Quoted in Robert McNamara's In Retrospect, (New York: Vintage, 1996) p. 133. Suggest complete evaluation before any further action taken.. On 2 August 1964, North Vietnamese patrol torpedo boats attacked the USS Maddox (DD-731) while the destroyer was in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. Stockdale and the other pilots, with orders to "attack and destroy the PT boats," made multiple firing runs on the enemy vessels. . "28, Johnson himself apparently had his own doubts about what happened in the Gulf on 4 August. . various battlefields. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He arrived overhead at 2135. Re-engaging, the first PT boat launched a second torpedo and opened fire with her 14.5-mm guns, but Maddox shell fire heavily damaged the vessel.6. ed. 6. The president agreed and ordered Operation Pierce Arrow, an airstrike on North Vietnamese mainland targets. But it wasn't true. 8. C. She asked free Black people to pose as enslaved servants in a woman's right to choose in the first trimester. For more on this topic see the following: Grand Delusion: U.S. Strategy and the Tonkin Gulf Incident, The Secret Side of the Tonkin Gulf Incident. What were the key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident? Five months ago that teamworkabout which we still know very littleresulted in the destruction of two pipelines, on orders of President Biden, with international implications yet to be determined. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 16; Edward J. Drea, "Tonkin Gulf Reappraisal: 40 Years Later," MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, Vol. by John Prados. Next, the best we have as Robert McNamara deemed him, General William Westmoreland was appointed the commander of operations in Vietnam in April of 1964. Specially equipped with a communications intercept van and 17 SIGINT specialists, she was to patrol in international waters off the North Vietnamese coast, from the demilitarized zone (DMZ) north to the Chinese border. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. A joint resolution of Congress dated August 7, 1964, gave the president authority to increase U.S. involvement in the war between North and South Vietnam and served as the legal basis for escalations in the Johnson and Nixon administrations that likely dwarfed what most Americans could have imagined in August 1964. It's true. Aware of North Vietnamese intent from the earlier SIGINT message, Captain Herrick ordered gun crews to open fire if the fast-approaching trio closed to within 10,000 yards of the destroyer, and at about 1505 three 5-inch shots were fired across the bow of the closest boat. Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as president later that day. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident. There is no doubting that fact. Maddox and the U.S.S. A. The film won the Academy Award for best documentary feature for 2003. On Friday night, as you probably know, we had four TP [sic] boats from [South] Vietnam, manned by [South] Vietnamese or other nationals, attack two islands, and we expended, oh, 1,000 rounds of ammunition of one kind or another against them. And why were highly skilled seamen and technicians from the Norwegian Navy involved? . Crazy. No, that's not true. In addition to the difficult detection conditions, the Maddox's SPS-40 long-range air-search radar and the Turner Joy's SPG-53 fire-control radar were both inoperative.9 That night, Herrick had the two ships move out to sea to give themselves maneuver space in case of attack. How did American liberals change their views of poverty during the 1960s? But once-classified documents and tapes released in the past several years, combined with previously uncovered facts, make clear that high government officials distorted facts and deceived the American public about events that led to full . Though not manned by American sailors, four ships under the command of MACV-SOG attacked two islands in the Gulf, Hon Me, and Hon Ngu. CTG 72.1 041848ZAUG64. And why were highly skilled seamen and technicians from the Norwegian Navy involved. Indiquez si les phrases suivantes sont vraies ou fausses. The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks. Reports Cast Doubt on Alleged Second Attack Another problem: the second attack almost certainly never occurred. Although the raid was successful (the oil depot was completely destroyed and 33 of 35 vessels were hit), two American aircraft were shot down; one pilot was killed and the second captured.20, On 7 August, Congress, with near unanimity, approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which President Johnson signed into law three days later. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 47. This led the North Vietnamese to increase their efforts in the south. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. , your opinion; it must be well-reasoned and backed up it has to be ( 3 to 4 pages long) by reconstructing the arguments and ideas from the readings. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam d. In early 1964, South Vietnam began conducting a covert series of U.S.-backed commando attacks and intelligence-gathering missions along the North Vietnamese coast. 1 See answer Advertisement mahak08 Which of the following resulted from American commitments to free trade? 20. He was the second-longest POW in American history, the longest also during the Vietnam conflict. Titled "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2-4 August 1964," it had been published in the classified Cryptological Quarterly in early 2001. Those communications most likely referred to operations to salvage the torpedo boat that had been damaged in the earlier firefight. No actual visual sightings by MADDOX. In contrast to the clear conditions two days earlier, thunderstorms and rain squalls reduced visibility and increased wave heights to six feet. Selon Yann Arthus-Bertrand (17) One particularly devilish species of hanger is the one with the whitecardboardroll-on\underline{\text{white cardboard roll-on}}whitecardboardroll-on the bottom for hanging slacks without producing a fold mark. President Johnson signed it on August 10, giving the executive far greater power to conduct military operations, without a declaration of war, than had ever been granted before. 5051. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution effectively launched America's full-scale involvement in the Vietnam War. More than 40 years after the events, that all changed with the release of the nearly 200 documents related to the Gulf of Tonkin incident and transcripts from the Johnson Library. What initially sparked the 1973 energy crisis? What was later discovered were "Tonkin ghosts" (false radar images) and no evidence of the [] All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPTa. In fact, one of the patrols' main missions was to gather information that would be useful to the raiders.2 A top-secret document declassified in 2005 revealed the standing orders to the Desoto patrols: "[L]ocate and identify all coastal radar transmitters, note all navigation aids along the DVR's [Democratic Republic of Vietnam's] coastline, and monitor the Vietnamese junk fleet for a possible connection to DRV/Viet Cong maritime supply and infiltration routes."3. The following day, the Maddox found that it was being approached by three North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Lyndon Johnson on August 5, 1964, assertedly in reaction to two allegedly unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and C. Turner Joy of the U.S. Foreign Relations of the United States, 19641968, vol. But the reports were false and the president knew it. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, also called Tonkin Gulf Resolution, resolution put before the U.S. Congress by Pres. 5. . Historians have long suspected that the second attack in the Gulf of Tonkin never occurred and that the resolution was based on faulty evidence. But the US bombing of North Vietnam on August 4, 1964, in retaliation for an alleged naval attack that never happened, was not a move by LBJ to pave the way for war in Vietnam. 132 (01 Dec 2005). Johnson and his advisers had approved retaliatory strikes on North Vietnamese naval bases as soon as the reports of the apparent attack of August 4 came in. The witness was asked to __________ a statement she made that did not seem to ________with her earlier testimony. On 28 July, the Maddox sortied from Taiwan en route to her Desoto patrol station. What should have stood out to the U.S. leadership collecting all the data of these attacks was that, with the exception of the battle report, no other SIGINT "chatter" was detected during the attacks on 4 August. President Johnson is overcome with grief as he listens to a tape sent by his son-in-law, Captain Charles Robb, from Vietnam in 1968. Richmond socialites. . Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as president later that day. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and President Johnson were both convinced of the reality of the second attack, however, and thus they asked Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. And six decades ago, so the histories of those years have it, a small group of Norwegian seamen were entangled in a presidential deceit that led to an earlyand bloodyturning point in the Vietnam war. 27. After missions in December 1962 and April of the next year, patrols were scheduled for 1964 in the vicinity of OPLAN 34A raids. Some historians do not let the Johnson administration off so easily. Resulted from a minor naval conflictc. Omissions? Paula March 1, 2023 at 16:24 . He sent a flash (highest priority) message to Honolulu, which was received in Washington at 1327 on 4 August, declaring his doubts: "Review of action makes many reported contacts and torpedoes fired appear doubtful. A. Johnson was also about to go on national television to describe the attacks and request the authority to undertake a military response, even though the decision had already been made. What was the primary guiding principle of Carter's foreign policy during his early years in office? He was a decorated war hero from World War II and the Korean War, with a great enough public presence to consider politics if he so chose after his military career. 7. naval event, Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of Vietnam [1964]. "18, Back on board the Ticonderoga, Commander Stockdale had been ordered to prepare to launch an air strike against the North Vietnamese targets for their "attacks" of the previous evening. Pat Bauer graduated from Ripon College in 1977 with a double major in Spanish and Theatre. What was true about the gulf of Tonkin incident? Hey, did yall hear Thutmose the Great didnt actually damage Hapshetsups monuments? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Still other targets appeared from the east, mimicking attacking profiles of torpedo boats. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. McNamara again eluded the question, "They have advanced closer and closer to the 17th parallel, and in some cases, I think they have moved beyond that in an effort to stop the infiltration closer to the point of origin."26. The Maddox called in air support from a nearby carrier, the Ticonderoga. On 2 August 1964, North Vietnamese patrol torpedo boats attacked the USS Maddox (DD-731) while the destroyer was in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. This, in effect, gave Johnson carte blanche to escalate US involvement in Vietnam without the restrictions of declaring war. At the end of July 1964, MACV-SOG assaulted North Vietnamese installations on the coast of North Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin. (21) This ensures that they carry out that prime directive of all hangers-to render the clothing wrinkled and unfit for wearing in public. I, Vietnam 1964 (section 278). More and more saw poverty from the failure of individuals to take full advantage of the American system. 17. McMasters, Dereliction of Duty, p. 119; Stockdale, In Love and War, p. 19. The South Vietnameseconducted OPLAN 34A raids and the U.S. Navy's Desoto patrols could be perceived as collaborative efforts against North Vietnamese targets. . Reduce the president's ability to wage war without congressional consen For most of the last five decades, it has been assumed that the Tonkin Gulf incident was a deception by Lyndon Johnson to justify war in Vietnam. There were a number of key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident: The USS Maddox was sent to support the South Vietnamese mercenaries. Inlet of Tonkin episode, complex maritime occasion in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the shore of Vietnam, that was introduced to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unmerited assaults by North Vietnamese torpedo water crafts on the destroyers. Its stated purpose was to approve and support the determination of the president, as commander in chief, in taking all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. That night, the South Vietnamese staged more OPLAN 34A raids. History, 21.06.2019 19:50. The targets were military or directly applicable to the North Vietnamese ability to wage war on South Vietnam. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 28. Why Norway? McNamara was informed of this doubt but decided to remain quiet because Pierce-Arrow was already in motion. At the 1968 Democratic National Convention. The Gulf of Tonkin incident is the name given to two separate confrontations involving North Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. These new documents and tapes reveal what historians could not prove: There was not a second attack on U.S. Navy ships in the Tonkin Gulf in early August 1964. The featured story comes from the Counter Currents website and was titled: Covert Operations In Continue reading An intercepted SIGINT message, apparently from one of the patrol boats, reported: "Shot down two planes in the battle area. The Maddox fired at the torpedo boats, which fired back. Five months ago that teamworkabout which we still know very littleresulted in the destruction of two pipelines, on orders of President Biden, with international implications yet to be determined. What was the primary political issue that Carter used in his presidential campaign? Overhead, meanwhile, four F8 Crusaders that the Maddox had called in earlier from the USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14) were rapidly approaching. On 30 May 2006, NSA released the second and final installment of Gulf of Tonkin materials. The two lead boats maneuvered evasively but were nevertheless heavily damaged. We sacrificed two comrades but all the rest are okay. Jim and Sybil Stockdale, In Love and War (New York: Harper and Row, 1984), p. 23. History, 21.06.2019 16:00. Sharp admitted that there was a "slight possibility" because of freak radar echoes, inexperienced sonarmen, and no visual sightings of torpedo wakes. The order to retaliate was given less than thirty minutes after the initial report. She recruited volunteers from among the Union prisoners held at At the same time, the Vietnamese navy was undertaking a mission under the oversight of the U.S. Department of Defense to attack radar stations, bridges, and other such targets along North Vietnams coasts. External sources are not required for the short papers. At 1723 in Washington, Air Force Lieutenant General David Burchinal, the director of the Joint Staff, was watching the events unfold from the National Military Command Center when he received a phone call from Sharp. And then, two days later, on August 4, the Johnson administration claimed that it had been attacked again. CIA Director John McCone answered matter-of-factly, "No, the North Vietnamese are reacting defensively to our attacks on their offshore islands . Answers: 2 Show answers Another question on History. 384, enacted August 10, 1964, was a joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident . The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was a false flag operation organized by the secret services of the United States, to be used as a pretext in their participation in the Vietnam War; this simulated a false attack by North Vietnamese forces against United States Navy ships in Southeast Asia, which had penetrated waters that the United States claimed as ), pp. Analyze the effects of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed under the Lyndon Johnson administration during the Vietnam War, Learn about some key points on the Gulf of Tonkin incident leading to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, 1964, https://www.britannica.com/event/Gulf-of-Tonkin-incident, HistoryNet - Gulf of Tonkin Incident: Reappraisal 40 Years Later, U.S. Department of State - Office of the Historian - U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: The Gulf of Tonkin and Escalation, 1964. Originally, it was claimed by the National Security Agency that the North Vietnamese Navy fired torpedo boats towards the USS Maddox on August 4, 1964. Hanyok claimed that "The overwhelming body of reports, if used, would have told the story that no attack occurred. not to seek his party's nomination as the presidential candidate. In large part due to the passage of this resolution, American forces became even more deeply mired in the Vietnam War. Johnson, leaning heavily on the same team of advisors that Kennedy had appointed, did not approve of the troop build-up that many were calling for, but kept the increase of American personnel relatively modest.
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